1 Introduction

The causes of global climatic fluctuations are essentially known. For very long-term fluctuations, the earth orbit parameters are responsible for different long periods. For the period under consideration, from the late 18th to the mid-19th century, other factors play the decisive role, namely sunspot activity, volcanism and the complex feedback between atmospheric and oceanic circulation, for Central Europe the oscillations of the Atlantic current. Above all, the reconstruction of the latter and modeling by mathematical models is still incomplete.

Climatologically, the period of the first half of the 19th century falls into the so-called "Little Ice Age". Whereas in the diagram below the middle of the last decade of the eighteenth century had elevated temperatures, with an interruption around 1820 two longer periods of cool followed, which did not pass until around 1860. These cold periods at the beginning of the 19th century are associated with eruptions of volcanoes. Thus, in the 19th century numerous (collection Bavarica, BLO-Online: 1644 search results) about the high altitude smoke and its different origin. ):

• Ellner (1857): Der Höhenrauch und dessen Geburtsstätte ^{[[Not recorded]}
  
• Über Höhenrauch (1847)^{[[Not recorded]}
• Schreiber (1846): Versuch einer neuen Theorie der Höhenrauchbildung^{[[Not recorded]}

 

The study of the historic climate change in the area of ​​the Frankenhöhe east of Rothenburg took place in connection with the creation of a local chronicle. The access to the sources of HISKLID data for Rothenburg and even researched data of Burgbernheim, or other places have allowed a historical longitudinal section since the Middle Ages, which should not be the subject of this work. For the first half of the 19th century, weather data are available in statistical annuals for some places in the Frankenhöhe. associated harvest statistics were evaluated. A combination of the weather data with the measured data and description of the weather is possible.

Link to a zoomable map of the recorded loacations - red [parially capture in the projekt) - orange [not included in the project] 

 

 

Bildquelle: DWD by Commons.wikimedia.org

The oldest sources, known to me, of Bavarian stations are records of  "über die Temperaturverhältnisse in Bayern"^{[Not recorded]} ((monthly mean temperatures of 1773-1834 for Regensburg), those of the  Weihenstephaner Jahrbuches (1869),^{[Not recorded]}, some of the series of measurements of the Benedictine Father Raphael Thaller (minimum and maximum temperatures, air pressure  from the years 1783 to 1789 included.. "Meteorologische Beobachtungen im Jahr 1857"^{[Not recorded]} from  Aschaffenburg and "Meteorologische Beobachtungen im Jahr 1812"^{[Not recordet]} from Augsburg (two daily temperature series for each day at three o'clock, as well as barometer and Hygrometerwert, as well as weather descriptions) frame the time Tambora event.

 

 The average annual temperatures of Lamont for Regensburg show agreement with the minima and maxima and agree mainly in the maximum and minimum values. The linear regression points to a general trend towards lower  annual temperatures, even if towards the end of the series a tendency towards warmer annual averages is to be expected.
The evaluation according to monthly values ​​was not complete, but reveals some general tendencies. After years of warm summers and mild winters / cold winters from 1773, a phase of cooler summer months sets in after 1803, with cold winters that end only after 1833 and are replaced by hot winter months with mid-winters.
The series of measurements for the temperature maxima and minima in the months of the specified years for Weihenstephan is reproduced in the following figure, converted to ° C and indicates a tendency to warmer years for the period indicated..  

 

The Landshut station, not far from Weihenstephan, seems to me to be important, since they have a high degree of agreement with regard to the altitude and the mean of the month. Of course, location-related differences primarily affect precipitation. Given the original data situation at the end of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century, the stations Ansbach and Landshut could be a possibility - with all due care - to extrapolate the data from Landshut for Ansbach at the end of the 18th century.

 

By Hedwig in Washington (Software: Geoklima 2.1 Website GeoklimaOwn work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) or CC BY 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons	von User:JörgM [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) oder CC BY 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons

Link zur Originaldatei Landshut                                                    Link zur Originaldatei Ansbach

 

2. Linking historical weather data with agricultural harvest results in West Middle Franconia

2.1 Source situation and problems

The eruption of the Tambora in 1815 and the following "year without summer" may be responsible as the changed administrative division in the transition from the Principality of Ansbach to Prussia after 1792 and 1806 to Bavaria, that although rudimentary harvest data and weather data were published at the community level. In the times of the Principality of Ansbach, the harvest quantities were recorded only for the Principality.
 
The fact that extensive sources are available for the study area, which could not be fully evaluated in the context of this work, is due to the"gesetzlichen Anordnungen vom 1. July 1834:

"... auf  Grund höchster Entshließung des Präsidiums der Königlichen Regierung des Rezatkreises ... die sämmtlich merkwürdigsten Ereignisse ... dahier nochmals für das Gedächtnis zu führen, ..." (Jahrbuch Burgbernheim 1833/34).

Thus, many of the cities and municipalities of this period are available: Ansbach, Burgbernheim, Schwabach, Wemding, which are accessible in digital libraries.

The publication of yearbooks with meteorological data with description and (although sparse) instrumental measurements and the statistical recording of harvest quantities in the years 1825-1840 for the places Burgbernheim, Ansbach and Schwabach allow the effects of climatic fluctuations in the end times so-called "Little Ice Age" in more detail At the same time, societal factors such as the abolition of lordly taxes in the Kingdom of Bavaria, which also contribute to indebtedness.  Impoverishment of the rural population, and   emigration to North America play a role.

A problem are the different units of measure with which agricultural products were measured, the measures are partly still regional measures, Where possible, these units of measurement have been converted. In cases where this is due to different information in the literature, a representation was chosen that is independent of the unit of measure.

2.2 Rothenburg, Burgbernheim and Bullenheim

The three places were chosen because they have a long winemaking tradition in addition to agriculture.

2.2.1 Historical longitudinal section

The data of the chronicle of the Burgbernheimer pastor C. Nörr from the year 1844 supplement the records stored in the database HISKLID over Rothenburg with regard to the weather events in temporal regard since the year 1016 and in view of different conditions. They are not evaluated here, but were recorded in the database TAMBORA. The expanded and more recent reports in "Neue Chronik des Markt Burgbernheim" (Ulrich Emmert, 1907) have not yet been entered into TAMBORA.

2.2.2. Viticulture in Burgbernheim,  east of Rothenburg and Bullenheim.

Das Gebiet im westlichsten Landkreis Ansbach ist geprägt durch jahrhundertelangen Anbau und Handel mit Wein  seit dem Mittelalter. Der Niedergang dieser Sonderkultur findet spätestens seit dem 30-jährigen Krieg statt. Der Weinbau erhält erst seit den letzten Jahren in einzelnen Orten der Region eine Wiederbelebung (Tauberzell, Rothenburg an der Tauberriviera). 

H.G. Wagner  has published on  "Die historische Entwicklung und Kleinformenschatz im Gebiet des Taubertales"  in connection with viticulture in the Mitteilungen der. Geographischen Gesellschaft München 46, 1961, S.  99 - 149. He also talks about the former viticulture and its relics. But also east of the Tauber valley was operated in the vincinity of Rothenburg viticulture.  

View of former wine-growing areas bordered by slope-parallel and down-slope rows of hedges without stone bars at  the Luginsland near Neusitz

Mapping

 

Even before the Peasants' War and the Reformation wine has grown in Burgbernheim. These winegrowing areas decreased until 1606 for primarily non-climatic influences, but for social reasons.

"1606 zu der Zeit fieng man an Weinberge zu machen, theils darum weil in den vorigen Zeiten die Soldaten Wein kaufen wollten, die man ihnen mit Kosten aus dem Tauber- oder Maingrund hohlen mußte, theils weil unsere Berge bequem darzu schienen und man nicht lauter Gärten daraus machen können. Gleich wohl wuchsen sie zu Hochbach auf dem so genannten Stein besser als hier, daher selbige Jährlich in das Anspachische verführet wurden. Dort findet man Documenta, daß schon vor dieser Zeit einige Weinberge hier gewesen, vor der Reformation, wo die päpstlisch Priester anlegen lassen, ihren Haustrunk davon zu haben und sind noch etliche, die zur Pfarrei den Zehend geben, bei eingefallenem Krieg wurden sie ungebauet und verwildert und viele ausgehauen;" (Nörr, 1844)

1844: "Die Zahl der Weinberge hat sich bis auf die wenigen, die noch am Fuchsberg liegen, vermindert. Ehedem waren die Rangen, Hungenbrunnen (Hunnen- Hungarn-) und Virnsberg genannt, mit Weinbergen angebaut. Auch auf der von der Erlmühle gen Hochbach ansteigenden Feldung ist Wein erzeugt worden und zwar von besonderer Güte." (Nörr, 1844)

Sources: 

• • Geschichte der Stadt Rothenburg an der Tauber und ihres Gebietes : mit topographisch-statistischer Darstellung nach reichsstädtischer und bayerischer Verfassung
  • Historische Untersuchungen über die ehemalige Reichsstadt Rotenburg
  • Chronik Bungbernheim
  • Jahrbuch Burgbernheim 1833/34
  • Jahrbuch Burgbernheim 1834/35
  • Jahrbuch Burgbernheim 1835/36
  • Emmert, U. (1907); Neue Chronik des Marktes Burgbernheim, vierte unveränderte Auflage im Jahr 1994, Stadt Burgbernheim, 179 S.

 

2.2.3. Weather data

For Burgberneheim there are only a few weather data from the 19th century before and it is only descriptive data. Not only the temperatures,but also the precipitation and its distribution over the course of a year are significant, the descriptive data should be presented in a diagram.

2.3 Ansbach: weather conditions, agricultural structure and crops in the first half of the 19th century

Even before the establishment of permanent weather stations,for example in Ansbach (Goede (2012, p. 262)) published  since 1827 some communities in West-Central Franconia so-called yearbooks describe the meteorological conditions, also with some measurements regarding temperature and air pressure. Interesting is the detailed crop statistics that can be linked to weather events and the development of population figures.

Climatologically, the period from 1827 to 1840 still falls into the so-called Little Ice Age, politically in the recent annexation of Franconia to the Kingdom of Bavaria, followed by a politically deliberate, social change with different consequences, but also on the climate at that time is due.

For Ansbach, weather data are available as measured values ​​and harvest quantities for a longer period of time, namely for the period from 1827 to 1841, ie over a period of around 15 years.

2.3.1. Weather data

The "Yearbooks of the City of Ansbach", which appeared in the period from 1827/28 to 1841/42, at least indicate the highest and lowest air pressure and temperature for the year. The data were still in Reaumur and were converted to ° C in the figure below. The location for the recording of the measured values ​​is likely to have been located in the Hofgarten, as has been ensured since 1878/79.

2.3.1.1. Temperature minima and temperature maxima

In Ansbach it was recorded and published from 1827/28 to 1841/42 at least the absolute temperature minima and maxima. Although one could interpret a certain periodicity in the diagram above, which is approximately 5/10 years. But this seems too daring.

2.3.1.2 Weather conditions in the individual years

The temperature maxima and temperature minima are an important factor for the agricultural yields, but more important are suitable weather conditions for certain phases of the growth of the plants, ie temperature and precipitation as well as the type of precipitation.

In addition, the sources for Ansbach describe the annual cycle of precipitation, type of precipitation and their intensity as in older sources only by season, sometimes with more accurate information of the time.

In the following presentation we try to convert the weather conditions in tabular form:

2.3.2. Agricultural yields

Probably the first summary crop statistics for areas Middle Franconia might be with the "Statistik  für das Fürstenthum Ansbach" by Georg Friedrich Daniel Göß (1805), professor and castle librarian in Ansbach. Part of his statistics are shown in the figure below.

 

The statistics of the Ansbach Yearbooks are another important source for the regional crops.

Sources:

• Jahrbücher der Stadt Ansbach:
  • Bd. 1
  • Bd. 2
  • Bd. 3.
    weitere Bände: Schlossbibliothek Ansbach

 

• Hermann, Friedrich Benedict Wilhelm (1857): Anbau und Ertrag, Besitzverhältnisse und Stückelung des Bodens, dann Lohn der Landbau-Arbeiter im Königreiche Bayern, nach dem Stande eines Mitteljahres : aus amtlichen Quellen
• Goess, Georg Friedrich Daniel (1805): Statistik des Fürstenthums Ansbach

 

	Preliminary remarks on the conversion of the original data into diagrams.   Harvest quantities are given for cereals in the sources in both "Schober" and "Schäffel". The unit "Schober" refers to the unroasted grain (1 Schober = 60 bunch / sheaf of straw). This unit can not be defined absolutely, but was important in the 19th century as a building material in connection with clay. Since "Schäffel" is a measure of space, which was subject to strong regional differences in the 19th century and no meaningful conversion is found in the literature available, the unit of Ansbacher Schäffel is used. In addition, a direct conversion into weight units is possible only with knowledge of the different specific gravity of the individual crops. Hops, clover and hay teas are indicated in Centner.
	Up to the year 1835/36 the area measurements were given in "Alt Ansbacher Morgen", starting from the year 1836/37 in "Bayerischer Morgen". As no meaningful conversion was available here, the data of the following years in "Alt Ansbacher Morgen" by interpolation using the ratio of the total area 1835/36 and 1836/37 were converted Compared to the two years at the end of the 20s of the 19th century, total revenues until 1841-42, with fluctuations, fell to just under half. Turnip and potato crop decreases are particularly strong, providing a substantial basis of nutrition for the rural population and feed for the pigs. In 1833/34, the harvest of potatoes and turnips almost completely failed.
	The harvested Schober (cereal with stalk) used for threshing litter after threshing the litter are also subject to strong fluctuations, although not as strong as those required for the nutrition of the population to flour processed grain.
	By the mid-30s to the beginning of the 40s of the 19th century, total yields were only half as high, sometimes only a third of the yields at the end of the 20s.
	The hay and the ohmet (second cut) as cattle food is subject to large, maximum 50% fluctuations to the maximum value.
	The highest yields per unit area were always produced by Dinkel, which is hardly represented today, and is again represented more frequently in organic farming. Nevertheless, all cereals lose half to one-third of the maximum value in terms of grain yield during the period under consideration.
	The comparison Schäffel per Schober characterizes the quality of grain formation for each type of grain. In particular, the oats seem to love the weather of the years 1840/41 and 41/42 with regard to grain formation. While rye, wheat and barley have lower than the maximum values ​​in 1832/33, barley has its maximum yields in 1839/40

 

  Another important source is the book "Anbau und Ertrag, Besitverhältnisse und Stückelung des Bodens, dann Lohn der Landbau-Arbeiter im Königreich Bayern" from 1857. Some results.

 

2.4.  Schwabach

2.4.1 Weather data

 

The oldest temperature values ​​found for Schwabach refer to the winter of 1709 and to the winter of 1739/40 in the  "Chronik der königlich bayerischen Stadt Schwabach" , (1854)  ^{[Nicht erfasst]}

XVIII. Abschnitt – Von besonderen Begebenheiten im Bezirke der Stadt

"Im Jahr 1709 war der Winter sehr streng, von 1739 auf 1740 aber herrschte selbst in den heißesten Ländern Europas eine Kälte, wie man eine dergleichen weder selbst je empfunden, noch von einer solchen gehört hatte. Nach einem, in 90 Grade eingetheilten, Thermometer stieg die Kälte am 10. Januar auf 82, am 17. Februar auf 84 und am 18. desselben Monats sogar auf 88 Grad. Am 19. gedachten Monts war zwar die Kälte auf 85 Grad zurückggegangen, am 25. und 26. ej. Aber stieg sie wieder auf 87 und selbst auf 90 als den höchsten Grad. Die hin und wieder erfrornen Menschen; die häufig durch Hunger und Frost in Dörfer und Städte gedrungenen Wölfe und Bären; die von denselben zerrissenen und aufgefressenen Menschen und zahmen Thiere; die von der größten Kälte geborstenen stärksten Mauerwerke; endlich die mit drei und mehr Ellen dickem Eise belegten Flüsse, sowie die desfalls bei den unbemittelten Personen eingerissene Noth, waren fürchterliche Schreckbilder in den Gemüthern der bestürzten Bewohner aller Sätdte und Dörfer."

 

Even if the thermometer described above had been in Schwabach, the data cannot be translated into current temperature scales, is it probly has been a so-colled Florentine thermometer, which actually meaxures air pressure values.   W. Lenke (1964) describes used Florentine thermometers and the problem of the conversion in today's common temperature scales based on the measured values ​​from the year 1709. For selected thermometers and stations he calculates with caution the daily early values ​​in January to March of the year 1709 but in ° C calculated as the lowest temperature he for Berlin -29.4 ° C (10 January 1709).

The yearbooks of the city of Schwabach published only for the years 1833/34 to 1838/39 record at least the temperature and barometer maxima and minima for the four seasons with indication of the date.

 

 Legende siehe Ansbach

 

Sources: 

Jahrbuch der Stadt Schwabach

• 1833/34
• 1834/35
• 1835/1836
• 1836/1837
• 1837/1838
• 1838/1839

 

2.4.2. Harvests

 

The areas were stated in the first reporting years until 1835/36 still in "Morgen". The conversion to the Bavarian area unit "Tagwerk" = "Bavarian morning" took place in the reporting year 1836/37. In order to be able to compare the harvest quantities of Schwabach with those of Ansbach, these and the old units in Schwabach were interpolated with the "Morgen Alt Ansbacher Maß" .

 

 

3. Comparisons

3.1. Temperatures, weather and harvest quantities in the years 1829 - 1841


The late twenties to 1828/29 were years in the region with cold winters and cool summers, but sufficient rainfall. 1829/30 was already a year with very cold winters, with dry autumn, but also very hot summers with sufficient rainfall. So also the year 19230/31, in which the spring was dry. It followed a series of years until 1841/42,
in which partly autumn, spring and summer were very dry, especially in the years 1831/32, 1833/34 and 1835/36. The following years were only the summers dry. With the exception of the years 1833-34, when the flowering of trees in Ansbach began in January, and the year 1834/35, the winters were cold and the summers generally warm to hot.

In addition came in the years 1836 and 1836, at least in the lower Altmühltal grasshopper incursions. This is how Lorenz Hübner describes it in  "Jahresbericht des Historischen Vereins für Mittelfranken" , Band 11, S. 94 f

• "1832. Ungemein trocknes Jahr. Allen Brunnen der Stadt mangelte Wasser, und die Bergleute mußten es drei viertel Jahre lang im Thale aus den Flüssen holen."
• "1833. Auf ein naßkaltes Frühjahr folgte vom 1. bis 20. Mai eine anhaltend große Hitze von 20 - 26".
• "1834 . Anhaltende Hitze und Trockenheit erzeugten einen so empfindlichen Futter- und Strohmangel, daß der Preis eines Schobers Kornstrohes auf 25 fl. gestiegen ist."
• "1835 . Auch in diesem Jahre anhaltende Hitze und Trockenheit, und dabei eine Unzahl von Heuschrecken, welche die Altmühlwiesen, und die nächstgelegenen Getraidfelder ganz bedeckten, und jedes Gräslein auffraßen."
• "1836. Trockenheit und Heuschreckenfraß wie im vorigen Jahr. An Grummet, Gerste, Haber und Erdbirn hatte Beilngries ein Mißjahr. Doch sind die Preise nieder geblieben, und das schwere Getraid war fast in Unwerth. Im Sommer und Herbste dieses Jahrs tödtete eine bisher nie gekannte Seuche hier und in der Umgegend viel Hundert Schweine."

The dry years in the first half of the 30s and partly the unfavorable weather during the year led to considerable crop reductions.
The same tendencies show the harvest quantities for Burgbernheim, blatantly with the wine and for Schwabach in the reproduced years, also with today's special cultures tobacco and hops.

3.2. Temperature values at  ​​Ansbach: 19th century - today

GOEDE ( 2012) publishes the individual temperature values ​​on a daily basis for the period from 2001 to 2010. For reasons of comparability, only the highest and lowest values ​​are shown in the figure. It has to be considered that, in contrast to the 19th century, the highest and lowest values ​​refer to the calendar year.

Although the locations of the temperature measurements are not exactly the same, it can be concluded by careful comparison that the lowest temperatures in the first half of the 19th century were up to 8 ° C lower than in the first decade of the 21st century, the highest Summer temperatures are 2-3 degrees above the temperatures of the years 1827-1842.

• Standort des Thermometers im 19. Jahrhundert (Ansbacher Morgenblatt, 1863)
• Hans-Martin Goede (2011): Das Wetter in Ansbach von 1981 bis 2010 im Rückblick
• Hans-Martin Goede, Jürgen Grauf (2012): Das Ansbacher Wetter von 2001 bis 2010,  Stuttgart,264 S.  ISBN 978-3-932884-12-2

3.3. Solar activity cycles and volcanic eruptions

This work can not and should not explain the causes of the weather development and the resulting harvest quantities during the given period. Nevertheless, attention should be drawn to two points:

1. The period considered falls into a period of generally reduced sunspot activity with intermediate maximums.

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.  Social situation at the beginning of the 19th century and reactions

In his essay, Raithel reiterates a representation after Adams (1993), according to which German immigration has taken place in several waves since the 19th century, the causes of which lie in the processes in the source countries as well as in the destination country.

For emigration in the 19th century are responsible different reasons:

• religious motives (Protestant sects, especially Mennonites)
• the economic situation (the customary right of real division in Franconian areas leads to the division of the farm and the population increase, but the farms are thereby becoming increasingly unprofitable)
• Dissatisfaction with economic or social circumstances
• self-reinforcing migration processes (suction effect)

  Thomas Raithel, "Kommt bald nach ..." - Auswanderung nach Amerika 1683 - 2003

Another reason may have been the income, which is due to the climatic and other conditions prevailing between 1830 and 1840,

4.1. Emigration to North America in response to climate and social conditions

From 1776 to 1783, soldiers from Middle Franconia  took part at the Revolutionary War in America. Of the approximately 2,400 soldiers fighting in America, around 1,200 returned, 700 remainded in North America and around 500 fell or died as a result of epidemics. The returnees reported in their homeland on the agricultural, climatic and social conditions, which differed so much from those of their homeland (Erhard Staedtler, 1956). The successive abolition of the feudal manorial structures after the annexation of Franconia to the Kingdom of Bavaria, which was completed to the mid-19th century overthrew many farmers, but also mill owners (examples in "mills and their history in the region on the Romantic Road", not yet published) in an economic crisis, which is evidenced by foreclosures of house and yard in the "Intelligence Journal for Middle Franconia" and the "Intelligenzblatt for the Rezatkreis". An emigration to North America began in the mid-1830s, whereby occupation and name are known (cf.) An important factor for emigration is also the agricultural income which declines from the mid-30s on account of the climatic situation.

Beispiele für Auswanderer aus der Umgebung von Rothenburg o. d. T. Jahr Gemeinde Name Stand Mitauswandernde Familienmitglieder 1837 Leutershausen Johann Georg Heindel Taglöhner 3 1837 Mittelramstadt Konrad Prechtel Taglöhner 4 1837 Weissenkirchberg Georg Michael Unger Schuhmacher 1 1837 Leutershausen  Moritz Heß Metzgermeister 2 1837 Sachsbach/Herrieden Eva Maria Krug 1 1837 Reichenau/Herrieden Simon Eberlein Hausbesitzer 2 1837 Winkel/Herrieden Anna Barbara Reiter led. Hirtentochter - 1837 Kaudorf/Herrieden Georg Michael Knörr - 1837 Lettenmühle/Reichenau Helena Berbara Rohringer - 1837 Zumberg/Feuchtwangen Maria Marg. Kunder Bauernwitwe 3 1837 Wildenholz/Feuchtwangen Joh. Georg Illig Drechslermeister 1 1837 Dentlein/Feuchtwangen Marg. Glasbrenner ledige Taglöhnerin 1 1837 Aichenzell/Feuchtwangen Wilh. Grüb lediger Dienstknecht - 1837 Kleinohrenbronn/Feuchtwangen Mich. Georg Windsheimer Gutsbesitzer 6 1837 Feuchtwangen Maria Barb. Baier ledigen Standes  - 1837 Erlmühle Joh. Georg Kunder  Taglöhner 2 1837 Feuchtw. Peter Eichner Witwer u. Drechslermeister 2 1837 Sommerau/Feuchtw. Carl Zur Bäckermeister u. Brandweinbr. 6 1837 Erlmühle Joh. Gg. Windsheimer Leinwandhdlr.  - 1837 Feuchtwangen Eva Marg. Brunner ledigen Standes - 1837 Kaudorf/Herrieden Mar. Barb. Mack ledige Gütlerstochter  1 1839 Rothenburg Johann Adam Schuh ehem. Besitzer der Limbachsmühle 2 1840 Leutershausen  Georg Simon Reutelshöfer Braumeister 6 1840 Leutershausen Georf Adam Stumpf Schneidermeister 3 1840 Leutershausen Gg. Barhelmäs Gehring Taglöhner 5 1840 Leutershausen Eva Barbara Hornung Dienstmagd - 1840 Oberdachstetten Johann Leonhard Mosmeyer Schreinermeister 6 1840 Unterbreitenau Joh. Leonh. Ilgenfritz lediger Bauernsohn - 1846 Sachsen (Leutershausen) Maria Barbara Sperr Schuhmacherswitwe 2 1846 Leutershausen Maria Marg. Mainzinger ledige Hafnerstochter - 1846 Lauterbach Joh. Jakob Schwarz Dienstknecht - 1846 Lauterbach Jakob Schwarz Dienstknecht - 1847 Leutershausen Joh. Christ. Mainzinger  Hafnermeister 6 1847 Leutershausen Joh. Leonh. Wägmann  Bäckermeister 3 1847 Jochsberg Joh. Mich. Fluhrer Schmiedmeister 3 1847 Klonsbach Joh.  Georg Thürauf Wirth 6 1847 Klonsbach Joh. Bernhard Billenstein Bauer  3 1847 Cadolzhofen Georg Marr Carl Köbler 4 1847 Gastenfelden Friedrich Stibor Schreinermeister 2 1847 Frommetsfelden Johann Georg  Krug Taglöhner  1 1847 Wassertrüdingen Moses Levi Hecht Landkramhändler 3 1847 Leutershausen  Georg Peter Friedlein vormaliger Wirth 3 1847 Oberdachstetten Anna Maria Weiß ledig 3 1847 Stem inach/Rothenburg Anna Margaretha Baumgärtner ledige Chrurgentochter  - 1847 Bettenfeld Magdalena Barbara Kurz Tochter des Bauern Joh. Leonhard Kurz - 1847 Lehrberg Joseph Oettinger  Seifensieder  3 1847 Schillingsfürst Willibald Hämmerlein Maurergeselle  1 Quelle: Intelligenzblatt des Rezatkreises u. a. historische Zeitungen.

 5. Glossar

Dinkel	alte Getreidesorte ,  spelt
Erdbirn	Kartoffeln , potatoes
Erdäpfel	Kartoffeln , potatoes
fl	Gulden - Geldeinheit
Haber	Hafer , oats
Metze	Raummaß, volume unit
Morgen	altes Flächenmaß  in Franken 2000  m2
Schäffel	altes Raummaß, volume unit
Schober	Schober was a German piece measure for straw in Nuremberg. For the term bundle or sheaf, the term bulk was often used (calculations, statistics). The Schütten- or straw was a bundle bound threshing (not broken, Upper Bavarian the Schütt) long straw. 1 Schober = 60 bundles / sheaves of straw
Simmer	The (that) Simri, Simra or the Simmer (from high-German sumbir meaning basket) was a measure for measuring grain. A Simri often had 22 liters.
Taback	Tabak , tobacco
Tgw, Tagwerk	old area measure, 1 Tagwerk  in Bavaria is equal 3.407 m2

6. Meaning of digital libraries

 

Today, the digitization projects of various libraries open up time-and-place-independent access to every historical document, requiring a lot of time and effort 15 years ago to access it. Despite the networking via the "Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek" and the "Europeana", the search in special digital libraries proves to be necessary, the search structures are not uniform and also the search algorithms are not sufficiently effectively structured in the scope of the data. This refers to the logical links of the search algorithms with regard to keywords.

Specifically for the search for climate-specific data and quotations, the database TAMBORA proves to be indispensable. Parts of the sources used here that were not yet available in TAMBORA were entered in the database.

7. Information about the author and thanks

Author:  Bernhard Heim (teacher for geography and mathemathics at  Reichsstadt-Gymnasium in Rothenburg o. d. T.)